“When
Alexander was just a child, his father was making Macedon (Now Macedonia in
northern Greece) into one of the Greatest Greek city-states, as well as the
dominant power in the Balkans.”
Mark
Grossman,World Military Leaders:A Biographical Dictionary,page 11
“...he was tutored by Aristotle,the great Greek orator and educator,whom Philip called to Pella.”
I fear that I have not been wholly consistent in my
use of the term “Macedonian.” For the record, let me state that I believe
Macedonians, ancient and modern,are Greeks .
Ptolemy of
Egypt,Walter M. Ellis, Routledge, 1994
In less than twelve years Alexander conquered the
Persian empire,a region that included
the modern countries of
Turkey,Syria,Lebanon,Israel,Egypt,Iraq,Iran,Afghanistan,Pakistan,and parts of
former Soviet Turkestan and Uzbekistan.His empire also included a relatively
united Greece,the work of his father,Philip II.
Ptolemy was
the creator of the longest lasting of the Hellenistic kingdoms. He created a
state whose cultural importance was unparalleled until the coming of Rome. He
encouraged the erection of the Pharos Lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of
the ancient world, as well as creating a library which eventually contained the
greatest collection of books until relatively recent times. Ptolemy's
institution of higher learning, the Museum, gave birth to the greatest
advancements in science before the seventeenth century of our own era.
In this
work, the first biography of Ptolemy in any language, Professor Ellis charts
Ptolemy's extraordinary achievements in and beyond Egypt in the context of the
fragmentation of Alexander's enormous empire and the creation of the
Hellenistic state.
Tradition
held the other element to be Hellenic, and no one in the fourth century
seriously questioned its belief.
“Philip and
Alexander of Macedon” by David G. Hogarth,page 5
The king
[of macedon] was chief in the first instance of a race of plain-dwellers, who
held themselves to be, like him, of Hellenic stock…
“Philip and
Alexander of Macedon” by David G. Hogarth, page 8
From
Alexander I, who rode to the Athenian pickets the night before Plataea and
proclaimed himself to the generals their friend and a Greek, down to Amyntas,
father of Philip, who joined forces with Lacedaemon in 382, the kings of
Macedon bid for greek support by being more Hellenic than the Hellenes.
“Philip and
Alexander of Macedon” by David G. Hogarth, page 9-10
Archelaus
patronized Athenian poets and Athenian drama and commisioned Euripides to
dramatize the deeds of his Argive ancestor.
“Philip and
Alexander of Macedon” by David G. Hogarth, page 10
“Macedonia”
therefore, throughout historical times until the accession of Philip the
Second, presents the spectacle of a nation that was no nation, but a group of
discordant units, without community of race, religion, speech or sentiment,
resultant from half-accomplished conquest and weak as the several sticks of the
faggot in the fable.
“Philip and
Alexander of Macedon” by David G. Hogarth, page 10
Καί μήν ἡ πολύ θαυμαζομένη
πολιτεία τοῦ τήν Στωικῶν αἵρεσιν καταβαλομένου Ζήνωνος εἰς ἓν τοῦτο συντείνει
κεφάλαιον, ίνα μή κατά πόλεις μηδέ δήμους οἰκῶμεν ἰδίοις ἕκαστοι διωρισμένοι δικαίοις, ἀλλά πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἡγώμεθα δημότας καί πολίτας, εἷς δέ βίος ᾖ καί κόσμος, ὥσπερ ἀγέλης συννόμου νόμῳ κοινῷ συντρεφομένης. Τοῦτο Ζήνων μέν ἔγραψεν
ὥσπερ ὄναρ ἢ εἴδωλον εὐνομίας φιλοσόφου καί πολιτείας ἀνατυπωσάμενος, Ἀλέξανδρος
δέ τῷ λόγῳ τό ἔργον παρέσχεν.
Οὐ γάρ, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης συνεβούλευεν αὐτῷ, τοῖς
μέν Ἕλλησιν ἡγεμονικῶς τοῖς δέ βαρβάροις δεσποτικῶς χρώμενος, καί τῶν μέν ὡς
φίλων καί οἰκείων ἐπιμελόμενος τοῖς δ’ ὡς ζῴοις ἢ φυτοῖς προσφερόμενος, πολέμων
πολλῶν καί φυγῶν ἐνέπλησε καί στάσεων ὑπούλων τήν ἡγεμονίαν, ἀλλά κοινός ἥκειν
θεόθεν ἁρμοστής καί διαλλακτής τῶν ὅλων νομίζων, οὓς τῷ λόγῳ μή συνῆγε τοῖς ὅπλοις
βιαζόμενος καί εἰς ταὐτό συνενεγκών τά πανταχόθεν, ὥσπερ ἐν κρατῆρι φιλοτησίῳ
μίξας τούς βίους καί τά ἤθη καί τούς γάμους καί τάς διαίτας, πατρίδα μέν τήν οἰκουμένην
προσέταξεν ἡγεῖσθαι πάντας, ἀκρόπολιν δέ καί φρουράν τό στρατόπεδον, συγγενεῖς
δέ τούς ἀγαθούς, ἀλλοφύλους δέ τούς πονηρούς· τό δ’ Ἑλληνικόν καί βαρβαρικόν μή χλαμύδι μηδέ πέλτῃ μηδ’ ἀκινάκῃ μηδέ κάνδυι διορίζειν, ἀλλά τό μέν Ἑλληνικόν ἀρετῇ
τό δέ βαρβαρικόν κακίᾳ τεκμαίρεσθαι, κοινάς δ’ ἐσθῆτας ἡγεῖσθαι καίτραπέζας καί γάμους καί διαίτας, δι’ αἵματος καί τέκνων ἀνακεραννυμένους.
Εκείνη η πολυθαύμαστη
Πολιτεία του Ζήνωνα, που ίδρυσε τη Σχολή των Στωικών, αποβλέπει σε έναν κύριο
σκοπό:να μην κατοικούμε χωρισμένοι σε πόλεις ούτε σε δήμους, που έχουν
ιδιαίτερους κανόνες δικαίου, αλλά να θεωρούμε όλους τους ανθρώπους συνδημότες
και συμπολίτες, και να υπάρχει ένας κοινός τρόπος ζωής και μία τάξη, όπως σε
μια αγέλη που βόσκει και τρέφεται μαζί υπό έναν κοινό “νόμο”.
Αυτά έγραψε ο Ζήνων,
αναπλάθοντάς τα σαν ένα όνειρο ή μια εικόνα του φιλοσόφου για την εύνομη
πολιτεία.
Αλλά εκείνος που έκανε πράξη
τη θεωρία ήταν ο Αλέξανδρος. Γιατί δεν φόρτωσε τη διακυβέρνησή του με πολλούς
πολέμους και εξορίες και συνωμοτικές εξεγέρσεις, αντιμετωπίζοντας τους Έλληνες
ως ηγέτης και τους βαρβάρους ως δεσπότης, όπως τον είχε συμβουλεύσει ο
Αριστοτέλης, και φροντίζοντας τους πρώτους ως φίλους και συγγενείς και τους
δεύτερους ως ζώα ή φυτά. Αλλά, πιστεύοντας ότι είχε αποσταλεί από τον θεό ως
κοινός ρυθμιστής και συμφιλιωτής όλων, εξαναγκάζοντας με τα όπλα όσους δεν
έπειθε με τον λόγο και συνενώνοντας σε ενιαίο σύνολο τα πάντα, αναμειγνύοντας
τους τρόπους ζωής και τα ήθη και τους γάμους και τις συνήθειες, όπως σε μια κούπα
φιλίας, πρόσταξε πως πρέπει όλοι να θεωρούν πατρίδα τους την οικουμένη,
ακρόπολη και φρουρά τους το στρατόπεδο, συγγενείς τούς αγαθούς και ξένους τους
τούς φαύλους.
Και τον Έλληνα ή τον βάρβαρο
να μην τον καθορίζει η χλαμύδα ή η ασπίδα, ούτε το περσικό ξίφος ή ο μανδύας,
αλλά να συμπεραίνουν ότι κάποιος είναι Έλληνας από την αρετή του και βάρβαρος
από την κακία του. και να θεωρούν κοινά τα ενδύματα και τα φαγητά και τους
γάμους και τις συνήθειες, καθώς θα έχουν αναμειχθεί με δεσμούς αίματος και με
κοινά παιδιά.
Bruce
Dickinson - Alexander The Great (part)
live in Athens
21.07.2024
Iron Maiden
"My
son ask for thyself another kingdom
For that
which I leave is too small for thee"
Near to the
east
In a part
of ancient Greece
In an
ancient land called Macedonia
Was born a
son
To Philip
of Macedon
The legend,
his name was Alexander
At the age
of nineteen
He became
the Macedon King
And he
swore to free all of Asia Minor
By the
Aegean Sea
In 334 B.C
He utterly
beat the armies of Persia
Alexander
the Great
His name
struck fear into hearts of men
Alexander
the Great
Became a
legend amongst mortal men
King Darius
the third
Defeated
fled Persia
The
Scythians fell by the river Jaxartes
Then Egypt
fell
To the
Macedon King as well
And he
founded the city called Alexandria
By the
Tigris river
He met King
Darius again
And crushed
him again in the battle of Arbela
Entering
Babylon
And Susa,
treasures he found
Took
Persepolis, the capital of Persia
Alexander
the Great
His name
struck fear into hearts of men
Alexander
the Great
Became a
God amongst mortal men
A Phrygian
King had bound a chariot yoke
And
Alexander cut the 'Gordian knot'
And legend
said that who untied the knot
He would
become the master of Asia
Hellenism
he spread far and wide
The
Macedonian learned mind
Their
culture was a western way of life
He paved
the way for Christianity
Marching
on, marching on
The battle
weary marching side by side
Alexander's
army line by line
They
wouldn't follow him to India
Tired of
the combat, pain and the glory
Alexander
the Great
His name
struck fear into hearts of men
Alexander
the Great
He died of
fever in Babylon
Philip never achieved his goal of conquering Persia, because he was murdered in 336, before he could begin that quest. It was his son, Alexander the Great (ruled 336–323 b.c.), who astonished the world by making Philip’s dream come true.
Alexander’s awe-inspiring conquests reached from Greece to the western border of India and convinced him that he had achieved the status of a god.
Alexander died unexpectedly in 323, before he had a mature heir to succeed him as king of Macedonia and without having put into place a permanent restructuring of governance in Greece to suit the new political conditions of the world in the late fourth century b.c.
Thomas R.Martin,“Ancient Greece From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times” (1996) ,pages 221-223
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“The Macedonians spoke Greek and attended Hellenic festivals; their kings claimed to be descented from Greek families- from Achilles, the great Achaean hero of the Iliad, no less.”
“Alexander
was a passionate Hellene.
He revered
the memory of Achilles his supposed ancestor,and carried with him on his
campaigns a treasured copy Homer.He had been tutored by Aristotle.”
John.M.Roberts,“A Short History of the World”,Oxford University Press, New York, 1993
,page 125
“Philip II came to power in Macedonia in 359 BC. Althought speaking a dialect of Greek, the Macedonians lay on the fringes of Greek culture and had contributed little to Greek political, socio-economic and artistic life.”
“With Alexander’s conquests, West Asia and Egypt were brought into the fold of Greek culture. The newly formed Greek kingdoms of the Hellenistic period would be much influenced, however, by the Near Eastern and Egyptian cultures they were now controlling. ”
Charles
Gates,Ancient Cities:The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and
Egypt, Greece, and Rome,page 270
Bilkent University:Charles Gates received his Ph.D. in Classical Archaeology from the University of Pennsylvania (1979) and taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill before joining the faculty at Bilkent in 1990.
His teaching and research interests include Greek archaeology; Cilicia, Cyprus, and the Levant in the first millennium BC; and Byzantine art and archaeology.
He is the author of Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome, 2nd edn (London & New York: Routledge, 2011).
A member of the Kinet Höyük excavation project since 1993, he works primarily on the site's Iron Age and Persian and Hellenistic levels.
Wie es anfing - Thales, Heraklit, Platon, Aristoteles Hellenismus und Weltbürgertum - Epikur, die Stoa und Plotin Moral u...
