Ancient writers about Macedonia -Thucydides

 

✍️τήν δέ παρά θάλασσαν νῦν Μακεδονίαν Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Περδίκκου πατήρ καί οἱ πρόγονοι αὐτοῦ, Τημενίδαι τό ἀρχαῖον ὄντες ἐξ Ἄργους, πρῶτοι ἐκτήσαντο καί ἐβασίλευσαν.

Θουκυδίδου Ιστορίαι Β΄, 99.3

✍️ The country on the sea coast, now called Macedonia, was first acquired by Alexander, the father of Perdiccas, and his ancestors, originally Temenids from Argos.

Thucydides,Histories,Book 2, Chapter 99.3

📌 Significance of the passage

This passage is absolutely clear and historically crucial because:

•Thucydides explicitly states that Macedonia was already known by this name.

•It documents the Greek origin of the Macedonian royal dynasty, identifying it as Temenid, originating from Argos.

•It directly links Alexander I, Perdiccas, and their ancestors with the Greek world.

Thucydides,History of the Peloponnesian War

Το Aριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης τιμά τον πρώτο Πρύτανή του:Διεθνές Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο για τον Γεώργιο Σωτηριάδη

 

 

Το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο τιμά τον πρώτο Πρύτανή του:Διεθνές Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο για τον Γεώργιο Σωτηριάδη

Έναν από τους σημαντικότερους ανθρώπους της διανόησης και του ακαδημαϊκού χώρου των τελών του 19ου και του πρώτου μισού του 20ού αιώνα, τιμά το Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου, διοργανώνοντας το Διεθνές Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο, με τίτλο «Γεώργιος Σωτηριάδης: ο αρχαιολόγος, ιστορικός και φιλόλογος, πρώτος Πρύτανης του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης».

 

Το Συνέδριο, το οποίο θα πραγματοποιηθεί την Πέμπτη 15 και την Παρασκευή 16 Ιανουαρίου 2026, στο ΚΕΔΕΑ, είναι αφιερωμένο στη ζωή και στο πολυδιάστατο έργο του Γεώργιου Σωτηριάδη (1852-1942), του πρώτου Πρύτανη του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου και διακεκριμένου αρχαιολόγου, ιστορικού και φιλολόγου. Η Τελετή Έναρξης θα πραγματοποιηθεί την Πέμπτη 15 Ιανουαρίου 2026 και ώρα 16.30.

 

Στις εργασίες του Συνεδρίου θα συμμετάσχουν 22 επιστήμονες από πανεπιστήμια και ερευνητικά ιδρύματα της Ελλάδας, της Γερμανίας, του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου και της Ολλανδίας, επιχειρώντας να φωτίσουν άγνωστες πτυχές της προσωπικότητας και του έργου του Γεώργιου Σωτηριάδη, καθώς και τη συμβολή του στη διαμόρφωση της ελληνικής αρχαιολογικής και ιστορικής επιστήμης.

 

Πρωτοπόρος της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας

 

Ο Γεώργιος Σωτηριάδης γεννήθηκε στο οθωμανοκρατούμενο Σιδηρόκαστρο της «Μακεδονικής Πατρίδος», όπως ο ίδιος συνήθιζε να αναφέρεται στον τόπο καταγωγής του. Πραγματοποίησε σπουδές στα Πανεπιστήμια Αθηνών και Μονάχου. Υπήρξε ένας από τους πρώτους Εφόρους της «Εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας» και κατόπιν της Αρχαιολογικής Υπηρεσίας, καθώς και, γενικότερα, ένας από τους πρωτοπόρους της Αρχαιολογίας στην Ελλάδα. Σύμφωνα με τους διοργανωτές, κατά τη διάρκεια της επαγγελματικής σταδιοδρομίας του, πραγματοποίησε σπουδαίες και θεμελιώδεις ανασκαφές και έρευνες στην Αιτωλία, την Αττική, τη Βοιωτία, τη Φωκίδα, τη Φθιώτιδα και την Ήπειρο. Η ανασκαφική δραστηριότητά του δεν ανακόπηκε ούτε κατά την περίοδο της πρυτανικής θητείας του στο Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο, καθότι εγκαινίασε την πρώτη πανεπιστημιακή ανασκαφή στο Δίον της Πιερίας, το 1928.

 

Σύμφωνα με τους διοργανωτές, ιδιαίτερα πλούσια και ξεχωριστή υπήρξε η δράση του ως ιστορικός και φιλόλογος, συγγράφοντας έργα αναφοράς τα οποία σημάδεψαν τις πολιτικές και επιστημονικές εξελίξεις του καιρού του. Υπηρέτησε την έρευνα από όλες τις δυνατές θέσεις ως αρχαιολόγος, πανεπιστημιακός δάσκαλος, συγγραφέας και μεταφραστής έργων, και συνδέθηκε στενά με κορυφαίους πολιτικούς και λογοτέχνες της εποχής του.

 

Οι εργασίες του Συνεδρίου απευθύνονται σε ειδικούς επιστήμονες, αρχαιολόγους, ιστορικούς, φιλολόγους, τη φοιτητική κοινότητα, καθώς και στο ευρύ κοινό.

 

Το Συνέδριο πραγματοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του εορτασμού για τη συμπλήρωση των 100 χρόνων από την ίδρυση και λειτουργία του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου.

 

Περισσότερες πληροφορίες, καθώς και το πρόγραμμα του Συνεδρίου διατίθενται από τον σύνδεσμο: 

https://www.hist.auth.gr/administration_annou/diethnes-epistimoniko-synedrio-georgios-sotiriadis/

Aristotle University Honors Its First Rector: International Scientific Conference on Georgios Sotiriadis

 

The School of History and Archaeology of the Aristotle University of honors one of the most important intellectual and academic figures of the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century by organizing the International Scientific Conference entitled“Georgios Sotiriadis: the archaeologist, historian, and philologist, first Rector of the Aristotle University.”

The Conference will take place on Thursday 15 and Friday 16 January 2026 at KEDEA and is dedicated to the life and the multifaceted work of Georgios Sotiriadis (1852–1942), the first Rector of the Aristotle University and a distinguished archaeologist,historian, and philologist. 

The Opening Ceremony will be held on Thursday, 15 January2026, at 16:30.

Twenty-two scholars from universities and research institutions in Greece, Germany,the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands will participate in the Conference. Through their contributions, they aim to shed light on lesser-known aspects of the personality and work of Georgios Sotiriadis, as well as on his contribution to the shaping of Greek archaeological and historical scholarship.

Pioneer of archaeological research

Georgios Sotiriadis was born in Ottoman-ruled Sidirokastro of the “Macedonian Homeland,” as he himself used to refer to his place of origin. He pursued his studies at the Universities of Athens and Munich. He served as one of the first Curators of the Archaeological Society at Athens and later of the Archaeological Service, and more broadly as one of the pioneers of archaeology in Greece. According to the organizers,throughout his professional career he conducted major and foundational excavations and research in Aetolia, Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, Phthiotida, and Epirus. His excavating activity did not cease during his term as Rector of the Aristotle University, as he inaugurated the first university excavation at Dion in Pieria in 1928.

According to the organizers, his activity as a historian and philologist was particularly rich and distinctive, as he authored seminal works that left a mark on the political and scientific developments of his time. He served research from every possible position—as an archaeologist, university professor, author, and translator—and maintained close ties with leading politicians and writers of his era.

The proceedings of the Conference address specialist scholars, archaeologists,historians, philologists, the student community, as well as the general public.

The Conference takes place within the framework of the celebrations marking the 100th anniversary of the founding and operation of the Aristotle University.

More information, as well as the Conference program, is available at the following link: 

https://www.hist.auth.gr/administration_annou/diethnes-epistimonikosynedrio-georgios-sotiriadis/

 

Media Contacts:Professor of Classical Archaeology, School of History and Archaeology,Eleni Papagianni, tel.6944440347.Associate Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology,School of History and Archaeology, Ioannis Fappas, tel.6945135021

Modern historians about Macedonia – Ernst Badian

 

“Philip II, at least from the time of his victory over Phocis,Athens, and their allies in 346, prepared to proclaim himself the champion of a United Greece against the barbarians”

Ernst Badian,“The Cambringe history of Iran”,Volume 2,page 421 

In autumn 338 Philip won the battle of Chaeronea against Thebes and Athens, With no one left who could hopeto resist him, he settled matters throughout Greece and the next year united the Greeks ( except for Sparta) in a common peace and alliance, leaving him (as commander – in – chief) in effective control.

Ernst Badian,“The Cambringe history of Iran”,Volume 2,page 422

Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας - Νίκολας Χάμοντ

 

Οι αντιπρόσωποι των κρατών –μελών της κοινής ειρήνης,που είχαν δράσει εναντίον του Φιλίππου,είχαν συγκεντρωθεί στην Κόρινθο.Απαντώντας στην ευγλωτία και στην πειθώ ενός εικοσάχρονου νέου αλλά και πιεζόμενοι από τον Μακεδονικό στρατό και τις δυνάμεις των βορείων Ελλήνων, οι εκπρόσωποι ψήφισαν ομόφωνα να ανακηρυχτεί ηγεμόνας ο Αλέξανδρος και να προωθήσουν την εκστρατεία όλων εναντίον της Περσίας (Δ.Σ. 17.4.9 και Πολύβιος 9.33.7).

Οι ως τότε διαφωνούντες στην Πελοπόννησο δικαιολογήθηκαν.Μόνο η Σπάρτη έμεινε,όπως και πριν έξω από την συμμαχία των Ελλήνων και διακήρυξε με περηφάνια ότι δεν ήταν φτιαγμένη για να ηγεμονεύεται,αλλά για να ηγεμονεύει.

 

Καθώς κανείς δεν έδειξε διάθεση να ηγεμονευθεί από τη Σπάρτη,ο Αλέξανδρος,σοφά ποιών,την άφησε στην ησυχία της.

Η ηγεμονία που είχε εκείνη κάποτε ασκούνταν τώρα από την Μακεδονία.

Νίκολας Χάμοντ,Ιστορία της Μακεδονίας,γ' τόμος:Περίοδος από το 336 έως το 167 π.Χ,σελ.24

Modern historians about Macedonia – N.G.L Hammond & F.W.Walbank

The members of the Council of the Greek League whoo had acted in Philip’s time were assembled at Corinth; in response to an eloquent and peruasive speech by Alexander a young man of twenty,but backed by the Macedonian army and force of northern Greeks, the Councillors all voted to appoint him hegemon and proceed with the joint campaign against Persia( D.S. 17.4.9 and Plb 9.33.7).

Dissidedents in the Peloponnese apologized.Only Sparta stayed,as before out of the Greek League.She declared proudly that it was her way not to be led,but lead.As no one showed any desire to be led by Sparta,Alexander wisely let her be.

The hegemony she had once had was exercised now by Macedonia.

N.G.L.Hammond & F.W.Walbank,A History of Macedonia:Volume III: 336-167 B.C.,page 16  

Modern historians about Macedonia –John Bagnell Bury

 

“In their fortress of Aegae the macedonian kings had ruled for ages with absolute sway over the lands on the northern and north-western coasts of the Thermaic - Gulf,which formed Macedonia in the strictest sense.

The Macedonian people and their kings were of Greek stock, as their traditions and the scanty remains of their language combine to testify.”

John Bagnell Bury,A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great (1900),page 683

A History of Greece To the Death of Alexander the Great

Cambridge Library Collection Classics

 

This book, originally published in 1900, was the major work of the classical historian J. B. Bury. It became a standard textbook on the topic of ancient Greek history to the death of Alexander the Great for almost a century, and in its updated form is still studied today.

 Bury had studied philosophy as well as classics at Trinity College, Dublin, and had travelled widely in Greece, but until the publication of this work was better known for his two-volume History of the Later Roman Empire (also reissued in this series), and many of his other works also deal with the Byzantine period. He describes in the preface his decision to limit the extent of his history: 'compression into a single volume often produces a more useful book'. This magisterial and very readable synthesis of political and military history encompasses nearly three millennia and the whole of the Mediterranean and Near East.

 

Modern historians about Macedonia – Elizabeth Donnelly Carney

 

Macedonian monarchy despite its origins in the remote border regions of the Greek world,had a very broad impact and influence on the political institutions of the rest of the ancient world.

The part royal women played in Macedonian monarchy had a similary long life in political history.

The conquests of Philip II (359-356 B.C) and those of his son,Alexander III,commonly know as Alexander the Great(336 -323),built an empire that stretched from northern Greece to the borders of modern India.

 

Elizabeth Donnelly Carney,Women and Monarchy in Macedonia,University of Oklahoma Press,page 4

Modern historians about Macedonia – N.G.L Hammond

 

“Greece and Macedon were akin in blood and culture.” 

 

N.G.L. Hammond , “A History of Greece to 332 B.C.”, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1959),page 651

 

 

Modern historians about Macedonia – Eugene Borza

 

Only recently have we begun to clarify these muddy waters by revealing the Demosthenic corpus for what it is: oratory designed to sway public opinion and thereby to formulate public policy. That elusive creature, Truth, is everywhere subordinate to Rhetoric; Demosthenes’ pronouncements are no more the true history of the period than are the public statements of politicians in any age. 

In the Shadow of Olympus:The Emergence of Macedon, Eugene N. Borza, Princeton University Press,1990,pages 5- 6

This larger Macedon included lands from the crest of the Pindus range to the plain of Philippi and the Nestos River. Its northern border lay along a line formed by Pelagonia, the middle Axios valley and the western Rhodopi massif. Its southern border was the Haliacmon basin, the Olympus range and the Aegean, with the Chalcidic peninsula as peripheral.

 

We thus have a conception of Macedonia both more and less extensive than Hammonds’s - less in that it reduces Emphasis on the north western lands that lie today within the Yugoslav state, but more in that it takes into greater account the territory east of the Axios. It is a definition based on the political development of the Macedonian State over a long period of time,incorporating the territory drained by 3 rivers,adding the Strymon to the Haliacmon and Axios.

In the Shadow of Olympus:The Emergence of Macedon, Eugene N. Borza, Princeton University Press,1990,pages 29 - 31 

“Borza has taken the trouble to know Macedonia: the land, its prehistory, its position in the Balkans, and its turbulent modern history. All contribute…to our understanding of the emergence of Macedon…. Borza has employed two of the historian’s most valuable tools, autopsy and common sense, to produce a well-balanced introduction to the state that altered the course of Greek and Near Eastern history.”

—Waldemar Heckel, Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Modern historians about Macedonia – John Maxwell O’Brien

 

To underline his role as avenger and hegemon of the Corinthian League, and perhaps in the hope that the Athenians would come to share in the fantasy of this as a war of revenge, Alexander selected 300 full sets of armor from dead Persians and ordered them to be sent back to Athens and dedicated to Athena on the Acropolis. The attached inscription read:

“Alexander son of Philip and the Greeks, except the Lacedaemonians,106 set up these spoils from the barbarians dwelling in Asia” (A.1.16.7).

Alexander the Great:The Invisible Enemy by John Maxwell O’Brien, page 62

Modern historians about Macedonia –N. G. L. Hammond

 

 

Quote:

 Hesiod would not have recorded this relationship, unless he had believed, probably in the seventh century, that the Macedones were a  greek speaking.The next evidence comes from Persia. At the turn of the sixth century the Persians described the tribute - paying peoples of their province in Europe, and one of them was the ‘yauna takabara’, which meant “Greeks wearing the hat”.

There were Greeks in Greek city-states here and there in the province, but they were of various origins and not distinguished by a common hat. However, the Macedonians wore a distinctive hat, the kausia. We conclude that the Persians believed the Macedonians to be speakers of greek. Finally, in the latter part of the  fifth century a Greek historian, Hellanicus, visited Macedonia and modified Hesiodus genealogy by making Macedon not a cousin, but a son of Aeolus, thus bringing Macedon and his descendants  firmly into the Aeolic branch of the greek speaking family.Hesiod, Persia, and Hellanicus had no motive for making a false statement about the language of the Macedonians, who were then an obscure and not a powerful people. Their independent testimonies should be  accepted as conclusive.”

pages 12 -13

 

 

Quote:

 As we have mentioned in Chapter I, Perdiccas and his brothers came from Argos and Peloponnese. They were members of the Royal house of Argos, the “Teminidae”, descendants of Temenus, whose ancestor was Heracles, son of Zeus; it was this Temenus who led the Dorian tribes into the Argolid and founded Dorian Argos late in the 12th century. Thus Perdiccas came to Macedonia with the aura of divine favor, and he could claim that the Temenidae and the Argeadae were both descended from Zeus and so were diogeneis. To Greeks of the classical period the Temenid name was well known. 

Thus the oracle which was concerned post eventum with he following of the new capital, Aegeae, by Perdiccas began with the line “The noble Temenidae have royal rule over a wealth producing land. Herodotus made a special point of emphasizing that the royal house of Macedonia was Greek by descent, and Thucydides, who questioned much of what Herodotus said, concurred with him in calling the Macedonian kings “Temenidae from Argos”. Almost a century later Isocrates wrote to Philip II, saying “Argos is your fatherland”, and he asked Philip to emulate his father [Amyntas], the founder of the monarchy [Perdiccas], and the originator of the family (Heracles).

page 18

 

Quote:

 

The matter is of only academic interest to a few scholars today. No one in Antiquity doubted the truth of the clam.

page 19

 

 

 

The Macedonian State:The Origins, Institutions and History,N. G. L. Hammond ,1989

Modern historians about Macedonia – William John Woodhouse

 

This was Macedonia in the strict sense, the land where settled immigrants of Greek stock later to be called Macedonians.

William John Woodhouse,The tutorial history of Greece,from the earliest times to the death of Demosthenes,page 402

 

Modern historians about Macedonia – Fergus Millar

 

The importance attached to Hadrian’s institution is best illustrated by an early third-century inscription from  Thessalonica honouring a local magnate, T.Aelius Geminius Macedo [i.e., the Macedonian], who had not only held magistracies and provided timber for a basilica in his own city, and been Imperial  curator of Apollonia,

 

but had been archon of the Panhellenic congress in Athens, priest of the deified Hadrian and president of the eighteenth Panhellenic Games (199/200); the inscription mentions proudly that he was the first archon of the Panhellenic Congress from the city of  Thessalonica.

 

Fergus Millar,The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours (1967), pages 205 - 206

Modern Historians about Macedonia – James S. Romm

 

Eventually the Greek way of war would prove so superior to that of the barbarian world as to enable a largely Hellenic army,led by Alexander the Great,to conquer not only Egypt but most of Asia as well. 

On the War for Greek Freedom:Selections from the ‘Histories’,edited by James S. Romm,translated by Samuel Shirley,page xiii

In the large scheme of things,Xerxes’ analysis was correct, as would be demonstrated by Alexander the Great and his Greco-Macedonian invasion of Asia,150 years down the road. 

On the War for Greek Freedom:Selections from the ‘Histories’,edited by James S. Romm,translated by Samuel Shirley,page 125

Modern Historians about Macedonia – Robin Osborne

 

After that victory Philip imposed his own conditions on the whole Greek mainland, making a treaty with all significant cities except Sparta, the so-called ‘League of Corinth’. This treaty obliged the Greek cities to provide soldiers for Philip’s campaigns, but it did not, contrary to what had been feared at Athens, interfere with the constitutions of the individual cities.

Greek History Classical Foundations Series,Robin Osborne,Routledge,2004,page 127

 

Although Macedonians were accepted as Greek, after some discussion, for the purposes of competing at the Olympic games, and although the language of the Macedonians appears most probably to have been a dialect of Greek related to the dialects of north-west Greek, some Macedonian customs were distinct.

Greek History Classical Foundations Series,Robin Osborne,Routledge,2004,page 127