Modern Historians about Macedonia - Lucilla Burn

 

The language spoken by ordinary Macedonians, as opposed to the ruling family, seems at most times to have been a dialect form of Greek. The elite communicaed both with itself and with other elites in standard, probably Attic Greek.

 

Lucilla Burn, “Hellenistic art: from Alexander the Great to Augustus”,page 28

Lucilla Burn

The Hellenistic Age was a new era of Greek civilization that began with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. and lasted until the Roman emperor Octavian defeated the last independent Hellenistic monarch, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 31 B.C. The book traces the development of a distinctive new Hellenistic culture, which was shaped both by artists who spread innovations across the Mediterranean region and by rival monarchs who commissioned luxury articles and sponsored elaborate city developments.

 

This cross-pollination produced great diversity in artistic subjects, techniques, and materials. Alongside sculptures of mythic Greek figures appeared those of new gods, such as the Egyptian Serapis, as well as depictions of common people, such as fishermen and nursemaids. Artists produced works of widely varying sizes, from the colossal statue of Apollo at Rhodes, to pocket-sized table decorations. Technical virtuosity flourished in the fields of pottery, glass, and jewelry.

 

In this illuminating survey, the author argues for a new appreciation of the advances and range of Hellenistic art and the influence it continued to exert on Mediterranean culture into the first centuries of the new millennium.

Modern Historians about Macedonia – Alan Fildes

 

Alexander the Great is one of the most celebrated figures of classical  antiquity. 

 

Born in a remote kingdom in northern Greece, as one of several royal sons,Alexander displayed leadership abilities at an early age and carved out a role for himself as heir to the Macedonian throne.Following the death of his father,Philip II,Alexander III secured the whole of Greece and prepared to lead its allied states against the massive Persian empire.

Alan Fildes and Joann Fletcher, Alexander the Great, Son of the Gods, page 6

 

 

Everywhere he went, Alexander founded Greek cities. By the time he died he ruled over the greatest empire the world has ever seen-an empire composed of millions of ethnically diverse peoples were united by a common Greek tongue.

 

 Alan Fildes and Joann Fletcher, Alexander the Great,Son of the Gods,page 7

 

 

Located in the northern extremity of Greece, and cut off from its neighbours by its mountainous terrain, ancient Macedonia’s relative isolation produced a distinctly seperate culture. Although the Macedonians spoke a Greek dialect, worshipped Greek gods and traced their nation’s origins from Olympian gods, their customes and northern Doric accent were markedly different from those of the people of the rest of Greece, who saw the Macedonia as a largely insignificant, backward monarchy, to be looked upon with suspicion, Yet this was the kingdom that produced Alexander the Great, the most powerful ruler Greece would ever know.

 

Alan Fildes and Joann Fletcher, Alexander the Great, Son of the Gods, page 12

Modern Historians about Macedonia – John Anthony Cramer

 

A geographical and historical description of ancient Greece, with a map and plan of Athens by Cramer, J. A. (1793-1848)

 

Judging from their historical nomenclature, and the few words that have been preserved to us, we may evidently trace a Greek foundation in their language, whatever idiomatic differences might exist between it and the more cultivated dialects of southern Greece.

 

A geographical and historical description of ancient Greece, with a map and plan of Athens by Cramer, J. A. (1793-1848), page 165

 

 

The origin of the Macedonian dynasty is a subject of some intricacy and dispute. There is one point however, on which all the ancient authorities agree; Namely, that the royal family of that country was of the race of the Temenidae of Argos, and descended from Hercules.

The difference of opinion principally regards the individual of that family to whome the honour of founding this illustrious monarchy is to be ascribed.

 

A geographical and historical description of ancient Greece, with a map and plan of Athens by Cramer, J. A. (1793-1848), page 166

 

 

 

The name of Alexander frequently occurs in the history of Herodotus. This prince was enabled to render important services to the  cause of Greece, notwithstanding the occupation of his dominions by an overwhelming force of Persians, which compelled him to limit his exertions to the conveying of such secret intelligence to the greek commanders {...}

 

 

A geographical and historical description of ancient Greece, with a map and plan of Athens by Cramer, J. A. (1793-1848),page 168 

Modern historians about Macedonia – Peter Morris Green

 

Alexander of Macedon,356-323 B.C.:

A Historical Biography

The men of Lower Macedonia worshipped Greek gods; the royal family claimed descent from Heracles. But the highlanders were much addicted to Thracian deities, Sabazius, the Clodones and Mimallones, whose wild orgiastic cult-practices closely resembled those portrayed by Euripides in the Bacchae.

 

The sovereigns of Lower Macedonia were equally determined to annex these ‘out-kingdoms’, whether by conquest, political persuasion, or dynastic inter-marriage. Lyncestis was ruled by descendants of the Bacchiad dynasty, who had moved on to Macedonia after their expulsion from Corinth in 657 B.C. Excavations at Trebenishte have revealed a wealth of gold masks and tomb furniture of the period between 650 and 600;these were powerful princes in the true Homeric tradition, like the kings of Cyprus. The Molossian dynasty of Epirus, on the marches of Orestis and Elimiotis, claimed descent from Achilles, through his grandson Pyrrhus – a fact destined to have immeasurable influence on the young Alexander, whose mother Olympias was of Molossian stock.

The Argeads themselves, as we have seen, headed their pedigree with Heracles, and could thus (since Heracles was the son of Zeus) style themselves ‘Zeus-born’ like any Mycenaean dynast: both Zeus and Heracles appear regularly on Philip’s coinage.

page 5

Alexander I had, of course, pointed the way, and not merely in the field of territorial expansion. He worked hard to get Macedonia  accepted as a member of the Hellenic family.

page 8-9

For the first time he [Philip] began to understand how Macedonia’s  outdated institutions, so despised by the rest of Greece , might prove a source of strenght when dealing with such opponents.

page 16

Like that other feudally organized horse-breeding state, Thessaly, Macedonia possessed a fine heavy cavalry arm.

page 17

Lyncestis had more or less seceded from Macedonian control;

page 22

In less than four years he had transformed Macedonia from a backward and primitive kingdom to one of the most powerful states in the Greek world.

page 32

Aristotle found support for his thesis in facts drawn from geopolitics or ‘natural law’.Greek superiority had to be proved demonstrably innate, a gift of nature. In one celebrated fragment he counsels Alexader to be ‘a hegemon[leader] of Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants’.

page 58

Besides, he [Alexander] had the whole body of Greek civilized opinion behind him.Euripides held that it was proper (eikos) for ‘barbarians’; to be subject to Greeks. Plato and Isocrates both thought of all non-Hellenes as natural enemies who could be enslaved or exterminated at will. Aristotle himself regarded a war against barbarians as essentially just.

page 59